PostgreSQL WHERE 子句
在 PostgreSQL 中,当我们需要根据指定条件从单张表或者多张表中查询数据时,就可以在 SELECT 语句中添加 WHERE 子句,从而过滤掉我们不需要数据。
WHERE 子句不仅可以用于 SELECT 语句中,同时也可以用于 UPDATE,DELETE 等等语句中。
语法
以下是 SELECT 语句中使用 WHERE 子句从数据库中读取数据的通用语法:
SELECT column1, column2, columnN FROM table_name WHERE [condition1]
我们可以在 WHERE 子句中使用比较运算符或逻辑运算符,例如 >, <, =, LIKE, NOT 等等。
COMPANY.SQL文件内容如下:
-- This is the file to create COMPANY table and to populate it with 7 records. -- Just copy and past them on psql prompt. DROP TABLE COMPANY; CREATE TABLE COMPANY( ID INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL, NAME TEXT NOT NULL, AGE INT NOT NULL, ADDRESS CHAR(50), SALARY REAL ); INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) VALUES (1, 'Paul', 32, 'California', 20000.00 ); INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) VALUES (2, 'Allen', 25, 'Texas', 15000.00 ); INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) VALUES (3, 'Teddy', 23, 'Norway', 20000.00 ); INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) VALUES (4, 'Mark', 25, 'Rich-Mond ', 65000.00 ); INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) VALUES (5, 'David', 27, 'Texas', 85000.00 ); INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) VALUES (6, 'Kim', 22, 'South-Hall', 45000.00 ); INSERT INTO COMPANY VALUES (7, 'James', 24, 'Houston', 10000.00 );
创建COMPANY 表,数据内容如下:
nhooodb# select * from COMPANY; id | name | age | address | salary ----+-------+-----+-----------+-------- 1 | Paul | 32 | California| 20000 2 | Allen | 25 | Texas | 15000 3 | Teddy | 23 | Norway | 20000 4 | Mark | 25 | Rich-Mond | 65000 5 | David | 27 | Texas | 85000 6 | Kim | 22 | South-Hall| 45000 7 | James | 24 | Houston | 10000 (7 rows)
以下几个示例我们使用逻辑运算符来读取表中的数据。
AND
找出 AGE(年龄) 字段大于等于 25,并且 SALARY(薪资) 字段大于等于 65000 的数据:
nhooodb=# SELECT * FROM COMPANY WHERE AGE >= 25 AND SALARY >= 65000; id | name | age | address | salary ----+-------+-----+------------+-------- 4 | Mark | 25 | Rich-Mond | 65000 5 | David | 27 | Texas | 85000 (2 rows)
OR
找出 AGE(年龄) 字段大于等于 25,或者 SALARY(薪资) 字段大于等于 65000 的数据:
nhooodb=# SELECT * FROM COMPANY WHERE AGE >= 25 OR SALARY >= 65000; id | name | age | address | salary ----+-------+-----+-------------+-------- 1 | Paul | 32 | California | 20000 2 | Allen | 25 | Texas | 15000 4 | Mark | 25 | Rich-Mond | 65000 5 | David | 27 | Texas | 85000 (4 rows)
NOT NULL
在公司表中找出 AGE(年龄) 字段不为空的记录:
nhooodb=# SELECT * FROM COMPANY WHERE AGE IS NOT NULL; id | name | age | address | salary ----+-------+-----+------------+-------- 1 | Paul | 32 | California | 20000 2 | Allen | 25 | Texas | 15000 3 | Teddy | 23 | Norway | 20000 4 | Mark | 25 | Rich-Mond | 65000 5 | David | 27 | Texas | 85000 6 | Kim | 22 | South-Hall | 45000 7 | James | 24 | Houston | 10000 (7 rows)
LIKE
在 COMPANY 表中找出 NAME(名字) 字段中以 Pa 开头的的数据:
nhooodb=# SELECT * FROM COMPANY WHERE NAME LIKE 'Pa%'; id | name | age |address | salary ----+------+-----+-----------+-------- 1 | Paul | 32 | California| 20000
IN
以下 SELECT 语句列出了 AGE(年龄) 字段为 25 或 27 的数据:
nhooodb=# SELECT * FROM COMPANY WHERE AGE IN ( 25, 27 ); id | name | age | address | salary ----+-------+-----+------------+-------- 2 | Allen | 25 | Texas | 15000 4 | Mark | 25 | Rich-Mond | 65000 5 | David | 27 | Texas | 85000 (3 rows)
NOT IN
以下 SELECT 语句列出了 AGE(年龄) 字段不为 25 或 27 的数据:
nhooodb=# SELECT * FROM COMPANY WHERE AGE NOT IN ( 25, 27 ); id | name | age | address | salary ----+-------+-----+------------+-------- 1 | Paul | 32 | California | 20000 3 | Teddy | 23 | Norway | 20000 6 | Kim | 22 | South-Hall | 45000 7 | James | 24 | Houston | 10000 (4 rows)
BETWEEN
以下 SELECT 语句列出了 AGE(年龄) 字段在 25 到 27 的数据:
nhooodb=# SELECT * FROM COMPANY WHERE AGE BETWEEN 25 AND 27; id | name | age | address | salary ----+-------+-----+------------+-------- 2 | Allen | 25 | Texas | 15000 4 | Mark | 25 | Rich-Mond | 65000 5 | David | 27 | Texas | 85000 (3 rows)
子查询
以下的 SELECT 语句使用了 SQL 的子查询,子查询语句中读取 SALARY(薪资) 字段大于 65000 的数据,然后通过 EXISTS 运算符判断它是否返回行,如果有返回行则读取所有的 AGE(年龄) 字段。
nhooodb=# SELECT AGE FROM COMPANY WHERE EXISTS (SELECT AGE FROM COMPANY WHERE SALARY > 65000); age ----- 32 25 23 25 27 22 24 (7 rows)
以下的 SELECT 语句同样使用了 SQL 的子查询,子查询语句中读取 SALARY(薪资) 字段大于 65000 的 AGE(年龄) 字段数据,然后用 > 运算符查询大于该 AGE(年龄) 字段数据:
nhooodb=# SELECT * FROM COMPANY WHERE AGE > (SELECT AGE FROM COMPANY WHERE SALARY > 65000); id | name | age | address | salary ----+------+-----+------------+-------- 1 | Paul | 32 | California | 20000